what is ABS(Anti-Lock Braking System)?

                           Anti-Lock Braking System

ABS means Anti-Lock Braking System in Automobile Engineering. It is one of the safety features designed to help drivers retain steering control by preventing wheels from locking up during an episode of heavy braking.

• When the driver hits the brakes this pressurises a hydraulic system which causes the brake pads to squeeze against the discs which causes the car to slow down. If the ABS system detects that one wheel is slowing down more rapidly than the rest (a symptom of wheel-lock) it automatically reduces the brake pressure on this wheel by opening a pressure release valve in the hydraulic system. ABS also has the ability to build the pressure back up via the hydraulic motor. The system reacts remarkably quickly, and compared wheel speeds many times a second. ABS systems can act on just the front wheels (which do most of the braking work), or all four depending on what car you're driving.

• Anti-lock brakes allow a car to stop quickly on slippery road conditions.The theory behind anti-lock brakes is simple. A skidding wheel (where the tire contact patch is sliding relative to the road) has less traction than a non-skidding wheel. ABS prevents the wheels from locking, regardless of the road surface’s friction coefficient and the applied brake pressure.

• You may have heard that it's possible to slow down quicker in a car without ABS. This has elements of truth, but in practical terms the benefits of ABS massively outweigh the slightly longer braking distances. For road use, ABS is an absolute must as it will allow you to steer out of the way of unexpected hazards. 

• If done correctly, threshold braking can slow a vehicle more quickly that a car fitted with ABS (in the right conditions). Many competitive racing drivers would say that they prefer their cars not to have the system. However, to gain maximum advantage you will need to practice the threshold braking technique repeatedly. A good test is to find a section of test-track, and mark out a cone which will act as the braking point. Accelerate to 60 or 70mph and brake as hard as you can in a car equipped with ABS, then repeat without ABS. Compare the stopping distances by having someone mark them on the side of the track, then practice threshold braking until you notice a marked improvement.

If you do have ABS fitted, don't get into the habit of locking up wheels before entering a corner - this isn't the quickest way of slowing down and can unsettle the car.

This shorcuts will damn helpful in your life.

                  Keyboard Shortcuts 


Keyboard Shortcuts (Microsoft Windows)
1. CTRL+C (Copy)

2. CTRL+X (Cut)

... 3. CTRL+V (Paste)

4. CTRL+Z (Undo)

5. DELETE (Delete)

6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)

7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)

8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)

9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)

10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)

11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)

12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)

13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)

14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)

SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)

15. CTRL+A (Select all)

16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)

17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)

18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)

19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)

20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)

21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents opensimultaneously)

22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)

23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)

24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)

25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)

27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)

28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)

29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)

30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)

31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)

32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)

33. F5 key (Update the active window)

34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)

35. ESC (Cancel the current task)

36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)

Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts

1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)

2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)

3. TAB (Move forward through the options)

4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)

5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)

6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)

7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)

8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)

9. F1 key (Display Help)

10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)

11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)

2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)

3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)

4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)

5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)

6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)

7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)

8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)

9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)

10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)

11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)

12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)

15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)

16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)

17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)

18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)

19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)

20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts

21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)

22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)

23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)

24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

MMC Console keyboard shortcuts

1. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)

2. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)

3. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)

4. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)

5. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)

6. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for theselected item)

7. F2 key (Rename the selected item)

8. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)

2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)

3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)

4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)

5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)

6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)

7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)

8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboardand provide the same functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)

2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)

3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)

4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)

5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)

6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)

7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)

8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same as CTRL+L)

9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)

10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)

11. CTRL+W (Close the current window)

What is SHORT HAND?

                                                            SHORT HAND

Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing
 as compared to a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in
 shorthand is called stenography.

•           Shorthand systems use a variety of techniques including simplifying existing letters or characters and using special symbols to represent phonemes, words and phrases.
•           The pitman system is the one which is most used in this world now.The phonetic system of the shorthand is developed in the present work has been found, after widely extending in use of to protect the practical examples.BY the development of phonetic Alphabet,which has been termed the alphabetic of nature...Spoken language is recorded by the one sixth of the trouble & time that long hand requires but those who use pitman shorthand simply as a substitute for the ordinary long hand writing.

•     The pitman Alphabet in the words of MaxMuller..,comprehends the thirty six words broad typical sounds in the English language and assigns to each a definite sign...it does not seek to mark.
• The standard of pronunciation as exhibited in printed short hand called ,therefore be expected  to coincide minutely with the pronunciation of English in all parts.

•      With the accurate employement of phonograph signs ,there is no need be no uncertaintyas through what those employed for a particular word intended to be present & has MaxMuller to be testified that "English can be written rationally & read easily" with the shorthand alphabets.

       The Most important thing in  this shorthand is will be attained ,namely,the maximum  of speed
       combined with legibity.

Purpose of Conservation

                                       Purpose of Conservation
Conservation is the act of preserving, guarding or protecting; wise use. Conservation may refer to: Main usage: Conservation (ethic) of biodiversity, environment, and natural resources, including protection and management.

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are materials or other assets that are transformed to produce benefit and in the process may be consumed or made unavailable. From a human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to satisfy human needs and wants. From a broader biological or ecological perspective a resource satisfies the needs of a living organism.


A Natural resources are materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at its fundamental level). 
Resources have three main characteristics:
   1) utility,
   2) limited availability, and
   3) potential for depletion  or consumption.

There are very few resources that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future), these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air etc......

.  The vast majority  of resources  are  however exhaustible, which  means  they  have  a  finite  quantity,  and can  be  depleted  if managed improperly and at this point the  importance of conservation begins. There is an urgent need to conserve the nature. Some of the needs are:
⦁ To maintain ecological balance for supporting life.
⦁ To preserve different kinds of species (biodiversity).
⦁ To make the resources available for present and future generation.
⦁ To ensure the survival of human race.

We must act accordingly keeping in mind these needs.

BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)

BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)

BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) is one of the industries in India. It is the segment of Information Technology Enabled Services industry. The term BPO refers to outsourcing in all fields. BPO offers different kinds of services including customer support services, telemarketing services, technical support services, employee IT help-desk services, insurance services, data entry services, data conversion services, scanning OCR with editing & indexing services, online research and form processing services. 

BPOs provide in house training to the employees. Generally, a candidate with graduation in any discipline can join the BPO companies. They don't require any academic specialization. There is no specific age bar. Most of the BPO companies offer good work environment. The employee can get good wages along with some excellent benefits.

Along with many benefits associated with this industry, there are some negative points that make people rethink. With increasing scope of BPO industry, many top-ranking software companies have established their BPO centers in India making a career in the BPO sector lucrative.Some of the well-known BPO companies in India are WNS Group, Convergys, Zenta, Wipro Spectramind, EXL, ICICI Onesource, Daksh e-Service, Tracmail, HCL Technologies, MphasiS, GTL Ltd, Sutherland Technologies, vCustomer, HTMT and 24/7 Customer. These companies are the top-rankers on providing career in BPO sector on the basis of criteria like employee size, overall satisfaction score, job content/growth, salary and compensation, training, company culture and appraisal system etc.